From the original article on August 24, 2020. Author: Julius Branson.
Psychology’s biggest success story is perhaps that branch of applied statistics known as intelligence research. An IQ test is a capable predictive tool, unlike whatever is put out by “social psychologists” and the like. For example, a meta-analysis with a combined sample size of over 90,000 people found that IQ is the most powerful known predictor of subjects’ levels of occupation, education, and income (Strenze 2007).
There is a gap between the average scores of white test takers and black test takers of about one standard deviation, or 15 points. This black-white IQ gap has been detectable since the 1960’s. Occasionally some claim it has shrunk, generally through the use of tests with poor predictive validity and non-random samples. Regardless, a 2012 meta-analysis conclusively found no such evidence of shrinkage (Rushton 2012), meaning the black-white IQ gap has remained stable for more than two generations even though society has become much more supportive of blacks through desegregation and affirmative action.
When controlling for IQ, most content of most racial performance gaps vanishes (Herrnstein & Murray 1994, 320-340). Under IQ-controlled conditions, blacks are more likely than whites to graduate from college and to attain a high IQ occupation. Blacks, after controlling for IQ, make just as much money as whites and are only 5% more likely to be in poverty than whites. On the other hand, without controlling for IQ blacks are 20% more likely to be in poverty than whites. Low IQ is an immediate and primary reason for poor black performance. By syllogism, knowing the cause of the black-white IQ gap can reveal a significant portion of the causation of the racial performance gaps.
Heritability is an important concept when it comes to understanding the causation behind variance in a metric like IQ; it is defined as the proportion of variance in a population’s trait that is explained by variance in the genetics of that population. With older methods (known as quantitative genetics) heritability can only be directly measured within a population. Since molecular genetics have no yet progressed to the point that those techniques can be used to estimate the proportion of genetic causation behind the black-white IQ gap, the heritability of the between-groups gap has to be inferred indirectly. Luckily, decades of quantitative genetics research has provided more than enough data to allow for such an inference.
It fits to start with the within-group heritability of IQ. For first world whites this figure has potential to be one of the best replicated findings of psychology and behavioral genetics. Let it suffice to cite a study with a sample size of 11,000 twin pairs from white countries that found that the heritability of IQ is about 66% at age 17 (Haworth et al. 2010).
Before the age of 17, the heritability of IQ is generally measured to be lower (this is called the Wilson Effect). This doesn’t mean that IQ is more malleable when a subject is a child. For example, intervention programs and other tactics designed to raise the IQs of children tend to produce an effect in childhood that fades by adulthood (Jensen 1969)(Protzko 2015). This “Wilson Effect” could be a result of poorer g-loading and reliability of child IQ tests. Child IQ data is in fact less reliable (Jensen 1973, 82). Since variance due to measurement error is included in the “nonshared environmental variance” umbrella in the standard model, the fact of lower reliability of child IQ tests does explain at least some portion of the Wilson Effect. The possible reasons for poorer reliability are intuitive: the test may be inferior in its increased simplicity, developmental differences between children of the same age may cause noise, and so on. What cannot explain the Wilson effect is increased long-term malleability of child IQ, because variance due to permanent malleableization in childhood is variance still present in adults.
Other studies have found that what is not explained by genetics is mostly explained by unshared environment (McGue et al. 1993)(Bouchard & McGue 2003), which is defined as the environment that two children raised together don’t share. Unshared factors might vary from family to family but on the aggregate they include peer groups and stochastic effects and exclude family pressures and school quality. But in particular research has pointed to the idea that differential treatment by parents is a major unshared environmental factor (Plomin 2013) in general. But it’s easy to see how differences in parental behavior may not be as stochastic or environmental as they are a result of the child’s genetics. In typical methods that calculate “narrow” heritability, treating factors like this as wholly environmental can lead to underestimates of the true heritability of a trait. Methods involving fraternal twins or lower grades of relation also discount nonadditive genetic effects since siblings are only expected to share about a fourth of these effects, half siblings even less and so on, while identical twins have identical genomes. IQ heritability estimates using monozygotic twins reared apart tend to return values of 75% to 85%, for instance. All of this is to say that there are good reasons to think 66% might be an underestimate of the heritability of IQ. What might be the “best” method returns the result that the heritability of IQ within the WEIRD population is probably about 80%.
The point of discussing these details about the within-group heritability of IQ is not to attempt to claim that the heritability of the black-white IQ gap is the same. Rather, it’s to simply establish that genes have a large say in determining IQ for both individuals and populations. With that in mind, the next question is: how do the black and white IQ-relevant environments differ on the average? If the races have the same IQ-relevant environment on the aggregate, the heritability of the black-white IQ gap is 100% because the totality of the difference must be due to difference in the two gene pools. The lesser the heritability of the black-white IQ gap, the worse the black IQ-relevant environment must be when compared to the white IQ-relevant environment. The exact heritability of the gap can be written as 1 – (Between-groups variance in IQ-relevant environmental factors)/(Total between-groups variance).
It is highly unlikely that the heritability of the black-white IQ gap is insignificant given both the knowledge on within-groups heritability and the simple truth that race is real. Black people and white people look significantly different. Did evolution stop at the skin? No. For instance, blacks and whites have different norms for healthy kidney functioning. If evolution was significant enough that we can see it, and it didn’t stop at the skin, it’s doubtful it stopped at the neck, especially when the obviously divergent aggregate behavioral patterns of the races are noticed. But suffice it to say that computers can classify ancestry groups by DNA and match self-reported race with 99% accuracy (Bamshad et al. 2003).
Another study (see image) graphed racial clusters as identified by a computer, found they matched self reported race, and that the clusters group semi-discreetly (Guo et al. 2014). Africans were the most divergent from other racial groups, including whites. Both the data and evolutionary theory predict that there is some significant degree of heritability in regards to the black-white IQ gap. It would be improbable for the IQ-relevant gene pools to be the same or to produce the same IQ-phenotypes in the same environment. Is there evidence, then, showing that US blacks have extremely deprived IQ-relevant environments such that this data-trend can be overcome?
There are roughly three types of environmental factors that environmentalists like to point to: test bias, physical factors, and psychological factors. The first one involves the claim that IQ tests are not measuring a real difference in intelligence between blacks and whites because IQ tests are alleged to be culturally be biased. Black people are thought to do only superficially poorly. This hypothesis has been debunked since the late 20th century – in 1987, it was found that the difference between black and white scores on questions independently deemed to be culturally biased as actually less than the differences on less “biased” test questions (Jensen & McGurk 1987), leading the authors to conclude that racial testing differences reflect a real difference in intelligence. Jensen also wrote a whole book on this in 1980 titled Bias in Mental Testing which came to the same conclusion as the 1987 study.
Next, environmentalists, having accepted the reality of the intelligence difference, like to claim that blacks have a disadvantaged IQ-relevant physical environment on the aggregate (with the implication that if true, this is white people’s fault). Specifically, it’s claimed that blacks live in poverty due to white people, which impacts black nutrition and school quality, which depresses their IQ scores. The simplest way to show that this doesn’t matter is that when these factors are controlled for, the black-white IQ gap doesn’t dissipate.
The Minnesota Transracial Adoption Study (MTRAS) tracked blacks, 50/50 black-white mixes, and whites who were adopted out to white middle class parents at very young ages. At the least, variance in age at adoption in the study didn’t matter – the correlation between IQ at 17 and age at adoption was only 0.13. Unless there exists racism so pervasive as to make adopters of black orphans give those orphans a significantly impoverished environment due to their skin color, this study effectively controls for socio-economic status, nutrition, school quality, and a whole host of other factors that could be hypothesized to be depressing black IQ. To the affirmation of the theory of evolution, the MTRAS found a black-white IQ gap of one standard deviation between black and white adoptees in young adulthood, the same gap that’s found in the normal population (Weinberg et al. 1992). It also found that the gap between the mixed race adoptees and the other groups was about half a standard deviation, which is good evidence against the racism narrative (Drake and Obama are “black”) and excellent evidence for the genetic hypothesis.
More convincing is that what the MTRAS data is corrected for the Flynn effect, the racial gaps slightly widen (Sternberg 2000, 185). This is probably because the Flynn effect doesn’t act on general intelligence (g), as the correlation between Flynn increases and g loadings of different tests ranges from -0.40 to -1.00 (te Nijenhuis, & Van Der Flier 2013). As an aside, some people who know little about IQ like to claim the Flynn effect means IQ can’t be “genetic” or that it’s an invalid concept. This isn’t the case because the effect does not cause a larger increase in black IQ and renorming the test works.
The MTRAS is a sublime piece of evidence, but it is corroborated by others. For example, the black-white IQ gap remains roughly the same at all income levels (Herrnstein & Murray 1994, 288), meaning lower group income couldn’t be the cause. It’s also likely that income-matched families are also nutrition-matched, school-matched, and so on. If this is the case, then neither poor schools nor poor nutrition nor whatever else are causes of the black-white IQ gap. In regards to schools in particular, voucher studies reveal that school quality does not cause or correlate with changes in student performance (Chrisman et al. 2012) (Wolf et al. 2010), something which is much less heritable than IQ yet highly correlated with the latter.
After accepting that depressed black IQ is almost certainly not caused by “poor schools” or bad nutrition or low income, the environmentalist typical moves on to claims about the specter of slavery and segregation. But black IQs around the globe tend to be depressed relative to white IQs. Unlike the Irish, whose IQs were depressed but rose when they urbanized, urbanized blacks still feature depressed IQs no matter the country (although US blacks tend to have higher IQs than African nationals). The same IQ gaps exist in the US, the UK, and South Africa, (Lynn 2015, 63) (Rushton & Skuy 2000) (Lynn & Meisenberg 2010) despite their divergent histories on the treatment of black people.
Next they might speak of stereotype threat or black culture. Not only is stereotype threat a priming effect, there is no evidence that it explains racial gaps on actual IQ tests (Stricker & Ward 2004) (Wei 2008).As for black culture, not only is culture a function of genetics, but motivation measuring items are the only test items blacks tend to do better on than whites (Jensen 1973, 111-113). This means that blacks aren’t scoring poorly because their culture just makes them think “dis test shit wack yo.” And finally let it be remembered that the mixed race adoptee data from the MTRAS essentially destroys the systemic racism narrative.
That narrative is further discredited by the previously shown data that reveals that blacks and whites with equal wealth experience the same IQ gap. And, furthermore, when IQ is controlled for, most racial performance gaps disappear. What systemic racism can there be, then, that would cause a one standard deviation IQ gap? Blacks would have to be treated so poorly by whites after controlling for income, nutrition, and school quality that it causes there to be essentially no black geniuses. And in every country on Earth! If systemic racism really were this severe in a country where being black is worth 230 free SAT points (Epenshade et al. 2004), then it would be a waste of time combatting it at all. The races would be better off going their separate ways.
Environmentalism has been falsified. But there is still more positive evidence for a genetic difference being responsible for at least most of the black-white IQ gap. Sibling regression toward the mean is one line: a black sibling of someone with an IQ of 120 will have an IQ of about 100, while a white sibling would have an IQ of about 110 (Jensen 1973, 118). This implies differential nonadditive genetic effects, especially when combined with the dearth of evidence for an IQ-relevant environment gap. Another line of evidence is that the blacks have a smaller standard deviation for IQ than whites (Jensen 1973, 212). This means that if blacks and whites have a similar IQ-relevant gene pool, black heritability will be higher than white heritability because there must be less environmental variance overall for black people. But this is not the case, suggesting that the black IQ gene pool is dissimilar to the white IQ gene pool (if the variance in environment is similar).
All the evidence seems to corroborate the idea that the black-white IQ gap is mostly explained by differences in black and white IQ-relevant gene pools and not differences in IQ-relevant environments. It is virtually certain that the heritability of the gap is at least 50%, but the current state of the evidence warrants giving an estimation of 100%. At this point, the only evidence that can cast doubt on this position is that which demonstrates that an environmental reduces the black-white IQ to an extent that is statistically significant. But since environmentalists are heavily funded and have had decades to find their factors, it’s probably safe to say they’re wrong.
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